Combined Therapy of Lung and Intestine in Treatment of Lung Diseases： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The theoretical origin of the combined therapy of lung and intestine can be traced back to the Inner Canon of Huangdi （《黄帝内经》）， which explains the physiological and pathological interaction between the lung and the large intestine. In recent years， researchers have investigated the scientific essence of the "lung-intestine axis" theory from many aspects， which enriches the relevant theoretical basis， and applied it to the treatment of COVID-19， acute lung injury， and other lung diseases. The close relation between lung and intestine in many aspects embodies the holistic conception of traditional Chinese medicine and explains the holistic theory of interrelation between organs， which correlate to each other physiologically and pathologically. Intestinal microecological disorders can affect lung immune function and cause respiratory diseases， and respiratory diseases are usually accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms. Lung diseases can be prevented and treated by regulating intestinal flora. According to histoembryology， the epithelial tissue of the lung and intestine comes from primitive foregut. In immunology， both lung and intestine contain mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue， and the pathological changes of the respiratory tract are also closely related to intestinal microorganisms. The tissue origin of lung and large intestine， the correlation of mucosal immunity， and the synchronization of ecological changes provide a scientific basis for the combined therapy of lung and intestine. Therefore， this paper summarizes the theoretical origin， modern research mechanism， and clinical application of combined therapy of lung and intestine， in order to provide a new direction for its application in clinical and scientific research.

Effect of Combined Therapy of Lung and Intestine on VIP and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways in Bronchial Asthma Mice / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the therapeutic effects of the combined therapy of lung and intestine， a common treatment for pulmonary diseases in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， on bronchial asthma mice， and further detect the changes of vasoactive intestinal peptide （VIP） and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase （p38 MAPK） signaling pathway-related proteins which are closely related to the pathogenesis of asthma， in order to elucidate the mechanism of the combined therapy of lung and intestine in the treatment of bronchial asthma. MethodA total of 60 Kunming mice were randomly divided into normal group， model group， dexamethasone group （0.5 mg·kg-1·d-1）， TCM group （2.73 g·kg-1·d-1）， and lung-intestine treatment group （6.825 g·kg-1·d-1）， 12 mice in each group. All mice except the normal group were sensitized by ovalbumin to induce bronchial asthma. After 30 days of intragastric administration， serum and lung tissue samples were obtained. The content of VIP， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in the serum of mice in each group was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The mRNA levels of TNF-α， IL-6， and p38 MAPK in lung tissues of mice were detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）， and the protein levels of TNF-α， IL-6， p38 MAPK， and phosphorylated p38 MAPK （p-p38 MAPK） in lung tissues of mice were assayed by Western blot （WB）. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group showed decreased content of serum VIP （P<0.05）， increased content of TNF-α and IL-6 （P<0.05）， up-regulated mRNA levels of TNF-α， IL-6， and p38 MAPK， and elevated protein levels of TNF-α， IL-6， and p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK in lung tissues （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the treatment groups exhibited increased content of serum VIP， TNF-α， and IL-6 （P<0.05）， down-regulated mRNA levels of TNF-α， IL-6， and p38 MAPK， and lower protein levels of TNF-α， IL-6， and p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK in lung tissues （P<0.05）. As compared with the lung-intestine treatment group， the serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the dexamethasone group were increased （P<0.05）， and the mRNA and protein levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in lung tissues were down-regulated （P<0.05）， while the levels of p38 MAPK， VIP mRNA， and p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK protein in lung tissues were up-regulated （P<0.05）. The serum VIP， TNF-α， and IL-6 levels in the TCM group were decreased （P<0.05）， and the mRNA levels of TNF-α， IL-6， p38 MAPK and protein levels of TNF-α， IL-6， p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK in lung tissues were up-regulated （P<0.05）， while the level of VIP mRNA in lung tissues was down-regulated （P<0.05）. ConclusionThrough increasing endogenous VIP and inhibiting the excessive activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway， the combined therapy of lung and intestine can reduce the release of inflammatory factors， inhibit pulmonary inflammation response， and treat bronchial asthma.

Mechanism of Combined Therapy of Lung and Intestine in Alleviating Pulmonary Edema in Treatment of Acute Lung Injury Based on VIP/cAMP/PKA/AQPs Signaling Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of the combined therapy of lung and intestine （Mahuangtang + Da Chengqitang） in alleviating pulmonary edema in rats with acute lung injury （ALI） induced by lipopolysaccharide （LPS）. MethodWistar rats were randomly divided into blank group， model group， low-， medium-， and high-dose groups with combined therapy of lung and intestine， and positive control group. LPS （10 mg·kg-1） was given （ip） to induce ALI in rats. After modeling， the blank group was given normal saline （25 mL·kg-1）， the combined therapy of lung and intestine treatment groups were given （ig） low- （5 g·kg-1）， medium- （7.5 g·kg-1）， and high-dose （10 g·kg-1） Mahuangtang and Da Chengqitang， and the positive control group was given dexamethasone （5 mg·kg-1）. Medications were administered 0， 8， and 16 h after LPS injection for 3 times. Then lung tissue and serum were collected after administration. The lung tissues were stained with haematoxylin-eosin （HE）， and the pulmonary edema score was evaluated. The dry/wet （D/W） weight ratio of lung tissues in each group was measured， and the content of serum vasoactive intestinal peptide （VIP） in rats was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of aquaporin-1 （AQP1）， AQP5， VIP， cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP）， phosphorylated protein kinase A （p-PKA）， and PKA in lung tissues of rats in each group. The level of VIP mRNA in lung tissues of rats was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. ResultCompared with the blank group， the model group exhibited obvious lung injury， increased edema score， decreased D/W ratio （P<0.01）， declined AQP1， AQP5， cAMP， and p-PKA/PKA in lung tissues （P<0.05， P<0.01）， elevated VIP content （P<0.01）， and up-regulated levels of VIP protein and mRNA in lung tissues （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， combined therapy of lung and intestine treatment groups showed alleviated lung injury， increased D/W ratio （P<0.01）， elevated AQP1， AQP5， VIP， cAMP， and p-PKA/PKA in lung tissues （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and up-regulated VIP levels in lung tissues （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe combined therapy of lung and intestine can alleviate ALI-induced lung tissue edema， and the mechanism may be related to the activation of the VIP/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway， which further promotes the expression of AQP1 and AQP5 and enhances the water metabolism of lung tissue.

Effect of Combined Therapy of Lung and Intestine on NF-κB Inflammatory Pathway and Macrophage Polarization in LPS-induced Acute Lung Injury Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of combined therapy of lung and intestine （Mahuangtang + Da Chengqitang） on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced acute lung injury （ALI） in rats and its protective mechanism. MethodWistar rats were randomly divided into blank group， model group， low-， medium-， and high-dose groups with combined therapy of lung and intestine ， and dexamethasone group. LPS （10 mg·kg-1） was given （ip） to induce ALI in rats. The general state of rats in each group was observed and recorded. The body temperature of rats in each group was recorded 0-8 h after modeling by means of anal temperature measurement. Serum and lung tissues were collected 24 h after modeling. Serum levels of interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-10 （IL-10）， and arginase-1 （Arg-1） were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of nuclear factor kappa B p65 （NF-κB p65）， phosphorylated NF-κB p65 （p-NF-κB p65）， NF-κB inhibitor α （IκBα）， and phosphorylated IκBα （p-IκBα） in lung tissues of rats. The levels of classically activated （M1） macrophage marker CD80 and IL-1β and macrophage markers F4/80 and IL-10 were detected by double immunofluorescence. ResultCompared with the blank group， the model group showed increased body temperature and thermal response index （TRI）， elevated serum levels of pro-inflammatory factor TNF-α and IL-1β and anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 （P<0.01）， up-regulated protein levels of p-NF-κB p65 and p-IκBα in lung tissues （P<0.01）， and increased levels of F4/80， CD80， and IL-1β in lung tissues （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the lung-intestine combined treatment groups and the dexamethasone group exhibited decreased body temperature and TRI in rats （P<0.01）， declined serum levels of inflammatory factor TNF-α and IL-1β （P<0.05， P<0.01）， elevated serum levels of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 and Arg-1 （P<0.05， P<0.01）， down-regulated protein levels of p-NF-κB p65 and p-IκBα in lung tissues （P<0.05， P<0.01）， decreased levels of CD80 and IL-1β， and increased levels of IL-10 in lung tissues （P<0.01）， while the level of F4/80 was not significantly changed. ConclusionThe combined therapy of lung and intestine can obviously alleviate the fever and inflammatory state of ALI rats， and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of NF-κB inflammatory pathway and the polarization of lung tissue macrophages to anti-inflammatory phenotype.

Mechanism of lung and intestine combination therapy in treatment of acute lung injury by inhibiting inflammatory response based on NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway and alveolar macrophage activation / 中国中药杂志

Lung and intestine combination therapy(LICT) is effective in the treatment of acute lung injury(ALI). In this study, the combination of Mahuang Decoction and Dachengqi Decoction(hereinafter referred to as the combination), a manifestation of LICT, was employed to explore the effect of nuclear factor kappaB(NF-κB)/nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptors-3(NLRP3) pathway and alveolar macrophage activation on the lung inflammation in rats with ALI, for the purpose of elucidating the mechanism of LICT in treating ALI. After the modeling of ALI with limpolysaccharide(LPS, ip), rats were respectively given(ig) the combination at 10, 7.5, and 5 g·kg~(-1)(high-dose, medium-dose, and low-dose LICT groups, separately), once every 8 h for 3 times. Haematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of lung tissue, followed by the scoring of inflammation. Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect alveolar macrophage activation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was applied to detect the serum content of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-18(IL-18), Western blot was applied to detect the protein expression of phosphorylated-nuclear factor kappaB p65(p-NF-κB p65), nuclear factor kappaB p65(NF-κB p65), phosphorylated-inhibitor kappaB alpha(p-IκBα), inhibitor kappaB alpha(IκBα), and NLRP3 in lung tissue, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR(qRT-PCR) was applied to detect the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-18, NLRP3, and NF-κB p65 in lung tissue. The results showed that LICT groups demonstrated lung injury relief, decrease in inflammation score, alleviation of alveolar macrophage activation, significant decline in serum content of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-18, and decrease of the protein expression of p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65, p-IκBα/IκBα, and NLRP3, and mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-18, NLRP3, and NF-κB p65 in lung tissue. In summary, LICT has definite therapeutic effect on ALI. The mechanism is that it inhibits alveolar macrophage activation by suppressing NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway, thereby reducing the activation and release of inflammatory factors and finally inhibiting inflammation.

Changes of postoperative velopharyngeal function in children with cleft palate under 5 years old / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To demonstrate the regularity of velopharyngeal function recovery after primary cleft palatoplasty and its correlation with different surgical procedures, ages, cleft types, and follow-up times.@*METHODS@#Patients with cleft palate under 5 years old who had more than two follow-up records were included in this study, and consecutive evaluations of postoperative velopharyngeal function were performed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to reveal the regularity of postoperative velopharyngeal function and the possible influencing factors.@*RESULTS@#A total of 165 patients were included. Inconsistent functions of the velopharyngeal closure were observed in 31 patients, of which velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) in the first follow-up converted to velopharyngeal competence (VPC) in the second follow-up, accounting for 18.79% of the total, and 134 patients had consistent velopharyngeal function. The patients in the group who had consistent velopharyngeal function were younger than those in the group who were inconsistent, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant. The younger the operation age, the patient's velopharyngeal function was more likely to stabilize at the first follow-up. At the time of the first follow-up in 15, 28, and 40 months, the probability that the patients had stable postoperative velopharyngeal function was 80%, 90%, and 95%, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The recovery of velopharyn-geal function after surgery is a dynamic process. The velopharyngeal status of patients can be converted from VPI to VPC. Meanwhile, VPC cannot switch to VPI. The follow-up time is the most important factor affecting the consistency of the evaluation of velopharyngeal function. Choosing appro-priate follow-up time is the key to obtain the stable evaluation of velopharyngeal function.

Effect of Coptidis Rhizoma-Zingiberis Rhizoma Extract on Colonic Epithelium TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Mice with Ulcerative Colitis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To observe the effect of berberine and 6-shogaol, main components of Coptiae Rhizoma and Zingiberis Rhizoma, on the inflammatory signaling pathway of Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in colonic epithelial cells of mice with ulcerative colitis. Method::Fifty Kunming mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group, berberine group (100 mg·kg-1), 6-shogaol group (100 mg·kg-1), and 6-shogaol combined with berberine group (200 mg·kg-1), with 10 mice in each group. A mouse model of ulcerative colitis was established through oral administration with 2% dextroan sulfate for two weeks. Each group was given corresponding drugs by gavage, while normal group and model group were given equal amount of normal saline. Serum and colon tissue samples were taken 20 days after administration. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent method was used to detect serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expressions, and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(Real-time PCR) and Western blot method were used to detect TLR4, NF-κB p65 mRNA and protein expressions in colon epithelial tissue. Result::Compared with the normal group, relative expressions of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 mRNA and protein were increased in the model group (P<0.01), and the contents of serum IL-1β and TNF-α were increased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, relative expressions of TLR4 and NF-κB p65 mRNA and protein were significantly decreased in 6-shogaol group, berberine group and 6-shogaol combined with berberine group (P<0.01), and the contents of serum IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Among the three groups, 6-shogaol combined with berberine group had the strongest effect (P<0.01). Conclusion::Both 6-shogaol and berberine can inhibit colonic inflammation, reduce inflammatory damage and treat ulcerative colitis. The combined application of 6-shogaol and berberine has a significant synergism effect. The mechanism is related to the excessive activation of TLR4/NF-κB pathway and the regulation of non-controllable intestinal inflammation.

Factors affecting the postoperative velopharyngeal function among aged patients with cleft palate / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the prognostic factors affecting the primary surgical management of aged patients with cleft palate.@*METHODS@#This study reviewed aged patients with cleft palate who received Furlow palatoplasty (surgical age≥5 years) at the cleft center at West China Hospital of Stomatology from 2009 to 2014. The study retrieved intraoperative mea-surements, including velar length, pharyngeal depth, cleft width, maxillary width, cleft palate index, and palatopharyngeal ratio. Speech evaluation results at follow-up at least a year after surgery were also obtained. Logistic regression and retrospec-tive analyses were performed to identify correlative prognostic factors.@*RESULTS@#One hundred and thirty-one patients were included (70 males and 61 females). Dichotomy logistic regression analysis revealed that pharyngeal depth was the only mea-surement considerably associated with postoperative velopharyngeal function. Pharyngeal depth deeper than 16 mm indicated high risk of postoperative velopharyngeal insufficiency.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Pharyn-geal depth is a significant prognostic factor for the primary surgical management of aged patients with cleft palate. Pharyn-goplasty might be considered when planning the primary management of aged patients.

Varying width ratio patterns of posterior hard palate cleft to posterior maxillary tuberosity plane in cleft palate / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#The varying width ratio patterns of posterior hard palate cleft to posterior maxillary tuberosity plane and their relationship with growth and development were studied in specific-age patients with simple cleft palate before surgery to provide a reference for evaluating operation difficulty and predetermining operative period.@*METHODS@#A total of 581 patients with simple cleft palate who received surgical treatment and are aged 8 months to 38 years participated in this study. All patients were categorized into seven groups based on age at preoperative measurement. The widths of posterior maxillary tuberosity plane and hard palate cleft were selected from the preoperative direct measurements. The relative width ratio of the hard palate to posterior maxillary tuberosity plane in each patient was used to objectively reflect the relative width of cleft palate.@*RESULTS@#For patients with simple cleft palate, the widths of posterior maxillary tuberosity plane and hard palate showed remarkably increasing trends.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The transverse proportion of cleft palate fissure in the upper mandible increases statistically with age, suggesting the need for complex operation.

Outcome and influential factors of speech therapy delivered to cleft patients with post-operative velopharyngeal competence / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the training technique, intervention timing, and other related factors involved in the speech therapy delivered to cleft patients with velopharyngeal competence after surgery.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective study was conducted on 32 patients who received phonology-articulation speech therapies during 2012 to 2013 in Dept. of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University. All patients achieved normal speech one year after therapy. Information collected included the types and number of consonant articulation error, the overall period of training, the interval between surgery and speech training, and the age during speech training. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS 16.0.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ten patients received less than five sessions of training, seventeen received six to ten sessions, and five received eleven to twenty sessions. The number of sessions was positively correlated with the number of errors (r(s)=0.394, P=0.026). On the average, each additional error cost another 0.570 session for correction (confidence interval: 0.137-1.004). Moreover, the number of sessions was negatively correlated with age (P=0.055). Patients between 5 to 10 years old took significantly lesser sessions than those above 10 years. No correlation was found between the number of sessions and the interval between surgeries and trainings.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Appropriate speech therapy efficiently rehabilitate the speech condition of cleft patients with velopharyngeal sufficiency after surgery. The number of errors is directly proportional to the number of sessions needed. Patients above 10 years require more sessions than those less than 10 years.</p>

A preliminary study on the key factors contributing to the attractive lips of Chinese children

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the aesthetic characteristics of the Chinese children lips.@*METHODS@#Frontal and profile photographs of 653 healthy children were categorized as the attractive and the unattractive by three laypersons and objectively measured for comparison.@*RESULTS@#The attractive group tended to be smaller in the upper paramedian red lip height, the lower paramedian red lip height, the midline upper red lip height, the central bow angle, and the lip angle, while greater in the Cupid's bow width.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Thinner lips seemed to be more attractive than full ones among Chinese children.

Investigation of Organophosphorus Pesticides Residues in Vegetables / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To investigate the organophosphorus pesticides residues in vegetables in Ji'nan,China.Methods From 2005 to 2007,the residues of ten kinds of organaphosphorous pesticides,including methamidophos,parathion-ethyl, parathionm-ethyl,dichlorvos,phorate,monocrotophos,omethoate,dimethoate,chlorpyrifos,malathion were determined in 8 kinds of vegetables by capillary gas chromatography.Results In the 597 vegetables samples,the total detection rate of organaphosphorous pesticides was 32.66%,in 25.63% of the samples,the contents of organaphosphorous pesticides residues exceeded the national standard limits.In leek,the detection rate was 65.56% and the exceeded limit rate was 52.22%.In addition, more than one kind of pesticide could be detected in one kind of vegetable.The concentration of methamidophos,the most serious pollutant,could reach 114.013 mg/kg.Omethoate could also be detected at 11.807 mg/kg.In this investigation,a downtrend was seen in the rate of exceeding standard limits and the difference in seasons in the detection rate of pesticides residues was also seen. Conclusion The detection rate of high toxic organaphosphorous pesticides in vegetables sampled in this study is higher,it indicates that the situation of pesticides abuse is serious in this area.